1. INTRODUCTION
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the tops of an underwater mountain range lying on a vast tectonic suture zone that extends from the eastern Himalayas to Arakan along the border of Myanmar and, finally, to Sumatra and less than the Probe. This archipelago consists of a group of 572 islands, islets and outcrops of rocks, but there are a total of 352 important islands consisting of the main chain Andaman and Nicobar, the Rich Islands and the catch of the volcanic islands of Narcondam and Barren. The islands are located on an area of 8,249 square kilometers, of which 6,408 square meters. Km area occupied by the Andaman group and 1841 square meters. Km nicobar groups of islands. The Andaman group consists of 324 islands, of which 24 are inhabited, while the Nicobar group includes 28 islands, of which 12 inhabit. Uneven topography and intermediate valleys characterize the physiography of this Archbishop. There are several sources of rain that dry in summer. All major islands support the lush growth of evergreen, half-century-old, moist deciduous and coastal forests from the water’s edge to the top of the mountain, depending on the topography and nature of the soil. For administrative purposes, the Islands are divided into two districts: Andaman and Nicobar. A total of 204 earned villages, of which 197 are located in the Andaman district. Andaman and Nicobar have a good economic turnaround through the tourism industry due to its rich natural scenic beauty and natural resources. At the same time, these islands face such problems as population growth, commercial development, etc. And, in turn, they face an acute shortage of electricity.
The increasing energy needs of the islands must be taken into account in the long-term master plan, even in this state. Dependency should be absolutely on local resources - biomass and other resources of the islands, as well as on the huge renewable resources of the ocean and atmosphere. In this regard, it is possible that technology that could be developed and improved for the islands could also be a means to overcome the national program. Biomass production could be taken on an accelerated scale under very favorable conditions. Solar, tidal and wind resources can make a big difference. Ocean resources create new challenges for our scientists and technologists. When agricultural production, industrial development, and economic exploitation of ocean resources go hand in hand, the energy problem is likely to be a limitation if timely steps are not taken in this direction (Qasim, 1998).
Strength is likely to become a serious limitation. If resources are not found on the island, thermal power plants using coal or diesel are likely to be extremely expensive. In addition, fuel pollution can damage the island’s natural resources. Opportunities for hydropower are limited due to river heterogeneity. In this context, vigorous exploration of alternative sources of energy may be required. Three approaches that can be fruitful are geothermal, wind, and ocean heat conversion (OTEC). Due to the volcanic origin of the main islands, it is possible that available geothermal sites for sufficiently large energy sources may be available. OTEC is already scheduled for Lakshadweep islands. Possible OTEC sites for Andamans may also have been explored. Moreover, very few attempts to explore the use of wind energy. Relevant locations with good wind energy could focus on the use of satellite technology to promote windmills (Qasim, 1998).
In order to reduce the pressure on available land and water resources due to the increase in population on previously inhabited islands, it is necessary to consider the possibility of moving part of this population to uninhabited islands after creating the necessary facilities. On some of these islands, solar and wind energy are available at operational levels. The use of photovoltaic solar cells and windmills for generating energy will be of great importance for their development. The generating power of wind power systems ranges from 100 watts to 4 megawatts. Systems require the installation of a generator with a rotor, turret, battery and control unit. A generator with an average power of 500 W with a rotor with a diameter of 5 m and a life expectancy of 10 years can cost Rs. 10,000,000 (TEDA 1999). These systems can benefit coastal resorts, as these areas are usually exposed to wind. An average wind speed of more than 4 meters per second is necessary if wind energy is to be economically feasible. In this case, wind generators are often cheaper than solar photovoltaic and diesel generators. To install and maintain the system requires qualified professionals. Maintenance requires regular inspection and access to new parts (Huttche et al., 2002).
Due to the important relationship between the available power and the wind speed, the turbine must be appropriately positioned to ensure free movement of the wind. Wind energy is particularly attractive for the production of electricity, since it basically does not pollute the environment. More than half of all the electricity that is used in India is generated by burning coal, and in this process a large amount of toxic metals, air pollutants and greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere. Developing 10% of wind potential in 10 windy Indian states would provide more than enough energy to crowd out emissions from the country's coal-fired power plants and eliminate the country's main source of acid rain; reduce carbon dioxide emissions (the most important greenhouse gas); and help curb the spread of asthma and other respiratory diseases that are exacerbated or caused by air pollution in this country. If wind power provided 20% of the nation’s electricity, which would be a very realistic and achievable goal with the current technology, it could displace more than a third of emissions from coal-fired power plants or all radioactive contamination of waste and water from nuclear power plants. Table 1 shows the state in which wind energy is installed in India.
Any island development plan should be based on long-term needs, taking into account the natural resources of both living and non-living, ecological status, natural beauty and the current state of development of the region. This requires a reliable and complete database of natural resources and their distribution over space. When using conventional methods, the data obtained is often time consuming and less accessible. Remote sensing technology with its unified and impartial data collection system allows, in the shortest possible time and at certain intervals, to provide the necessary information over large areas in the form of a single synaptic image. For inaccessible areas, this is the only data collection source. To identify windmill sites, remote sensing and GIS were used as a pilot project for the North Aisle Island.
In order to offer suitable locations for windmills using remote sensing and GIS, the following criteria were adopted:
1. Flat, flat area and slope less than 5 °
2. The minimum cover of the dome with the height of the trees should be less than 40 m
3. Surrounding areas should have a height of less than 60 m.
4. The sloping side is more suitable than the side
5. Open the coastline as a mountain gap that produces a funnel effect.
6. & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; shaped valley areas with good wind speeds
State As of March 31, 2002. As of March 31, 2003. As of January 31, 2004.
Demon Projects (MW) Private Sector Projects (MW) Total Capacity (MW)
Demon Projects (MW) Private Sector Projects (MW) Total Capacity (MW) (MW)
Andhra Pradesh 5.4 87.2 92.6 5.4 87.2 92.6 92.8
Gujarat 17.3 149.6 166.9 17.3 155.8 173.1 201.2
Karnataka 2.6 66 68.6 2.6 121.7 124.3 177.5
Kerala 2 0 2 2 0 2 2
Madhya Pradesh 0.6 22 22.6 0.6 22 22.6 22.6
Maharashtra 6.4 392.8 399.2 8.4 392.8 401.2 401.3
Rajasthan 6.4 9.7 16.1 6.4 54.3 60.7 109
Tamil Nadu 19.4 838.1 857.5 19.4 970.9 990.3 1119.7
West Bengal 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Other 1.6 - 1.6 1.6 0 1.6 -
Total (whole India) 62.8 1565.4 1628.2
Source: TADA (1999)
Table 1: Installed wind power in India in India
2. SCOPE OF RESEARCH
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal at around 6 ° and 14 ° north latitude, 92 ° and 94 ° east longitude. For administrative purposes, the Islands are divided into two districts: Andaman and Nicobar. The first consists of two sub-divisions, namely the Southern Andaman and Mayabound, consisting of four takhsil. The Nicobar district is divided into Car Nicobar and Nancowry tahsil. The four tahili of the Andaman district are Diglipur, Mayabounder, Rangat and South Andaman. The southern Andaman tahil further splits into two tahsila, namely Port Blair and Ferrargunj. Currently, there are 36 islands on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The population according to the 1991 census is 2.80,661 people, and according to the 2001 census on the Andaman and Nicobar islands more than 3.50 thousand people. Of the total population, the majority (90%) are settlers from outside the islands.
METHOD
The GIS mapping method was used to identify and map sites with potential wind capacity in the North Aisle. Using GIS Arc View software, thematic maps, such as landuse, a three-dimensional elevation model and slope, were digitized, corrected, analyzed and integrated to determine suitable locations for building windmills.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The fluid (air) that rotates the rotor is much less dense than water, therefore the diameter of the rotor must be much larger than the rotor of the turbine. A hydro turbine capable of generating megawatts (MW) of power will have a diameter of several meters - the rotor of a 1 MW wind generator will be approximately 54 meters in diameter. Secondly, wind power is available in a much wider geographic range than hydropower in accordance with AWEA 2003.
Good wind speeds are important. The energy that the wind contains is a function of its speed cube (Jeyakumar et al., 2002). This means that a section with an average wind at a speed of 12 miles per hour has more than 70% more energy than a section with average winds of 10 miles / h.
Wind power created options with a cube wind speed. The mass of air (m) with speed (v) and density (d) flowing per unit of time over the area (A) covered by the blades of a conventional horizontal wind turbine is equal to dAV. Thus, the kinetic energy of this air mass is set to 1 / 2mV2 = 1 / 2dAV3. Therefore, it is very important to find wind turbines in areas with high average wind speeds. Wind speed increases with altitude above ground; it also increases in open areas (sea, large lake, etc.). It has been observed that sites with an average wind speed of 6.5–8 m / sec are ideal objects for the development of wind energy (Suneel 1995). The wind power density observed in the Andaman island group is in the range of 55.30 to 106.60 W / M2.
Using remote sensing and GIS for site selection for windmills has many advantages, such as reducing time, costs and manpower for locating wind monitoring stations, providing predefined knowledge for detecting wind monitoring stations, identifying hard-to-reach areas, integration and advanced research can even increase the research and development potential for locating a windmill site. Table 2 presents data on wind meteorological stations on the islands for potential sites on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. One of the best places to place wind machines is the upper part of a smooth, well-rounded hill with a gentle slope lying on a flat plain. A place located on an island in a lake or on the sea is usually a great place; the open plain, the open coastline, like a mountain crevice that produces a wind funnel, is good. The proposed site of windmills accounts for the expansion of latitude and longitude 12 ° 17 ° 00 ° 50 "N - 12 ° 17 ° 54 ° C" and 92 ° 55 ° 53 ° C "- 92 ° 56 °; 06.62" E (Figure 1) . The area of the proposed site is 50 hectares. About 5 MW of electricity could be generated in this area.
S.No Latitude Longitude Station Wind Energy Density (W / M2) at a height of 20 m
1 10 ° 34 "92 ° 26" South Bay 106.60
2 08 ° 15 "93 ° 08" Minyuk 62.60
3 08 ° 13 "93 ° 10" Chukmachi 66.20
4 13 ° 14 "92 ° 57" Ramkrishnagram 55.30
5 12 ° 53 "92 ° 54" Pokkadero 63.10
6 11 ° 39 "92 ° 45" Line Barkat 63.00
7 11 ° 40 "92 ° 44" Phoenix compartment 68.50
Source: CWET 2000
Table 2. Municipal wind monitoring station on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Wind monitoring stations report places such as Ramakrishnagram, Pokkadero, Phoenix Bay, Barkat Line, South Bay, Minyuk and Chukmachi that the general wind direction refers to the South NE and its energy varies from 55.30 W / M2 to 106.20
W / m2 (Figure 2). Low wind energy is observed on the mainland, where high wind energy is on the coast. In addition, the windward side of the elevation has maximum wind energy, while on its side side the wind energy decreases due to its thick overhang and wind dispersion due to elevated areas.
As a rule, small islands located on the leeward side of large islands whose height exceeds 60 m cannot be proposed for windmills due to its elevation and the effect of the dome. While in the case of the North Aisle Island, it is surrounded by islands such as Baratang in the East, Middle Andaman in the north and the strait in the south. Although it is surrounded by the largest raised islands, the geographical location is well suited for windmills. The eastern side of the north aisle has a passage, Homfrey. It acts like a funnel for the flow of wind. The surrounding height of this island is less than 60 m, and it is located about 7 km from the coast of the island Baratang. Here this island has an excellent geographical location for its use for inspecting a windmill.
For North Passage Island, slope analysis is performed using the Arc View GIS software, which shows that most of the island is within 10 °. The area proposed for the construction of a windmill is within 5 °. This slope is most suitable for the continuous construction of windmills in the area. The topography of the study area shows that there is a U-shaped valley between the northern and eastern parts of the island. The peak height of the northern part of the island is 64 meters, and the eastern part of the island is 84 meters. This area of the valley is surrounded by the sea, and thanks to this U-shaped relief there is a favorable amount of air flow. The constant action of the wind makes it a great place to build a windmill. Because of the U-shaped valley and purchases to the sea, it was found that the wind has good speed.
Electricity generated through this windmill can be transferred to the nearest inhabited islands. The following islands were the earliest occupied islands from the North Aisle Island (Fig. 3). The distance from the Northern Passage to Long Island is 7.8 km, the strait is 8.3 km, Baratang is 15.11 km, and northern Andaman is 11.9 km. The implementation of this study will be extremely useful to the inhabitants of this island, as well as neighboring neighboring islands.
5. CONCLUSION
This study explores the potential of satellite technology for determining the site for building windmills. Using ArcGIS software to integrate thematic information, such as geomorphology, wind, earth, etc. Through satellite imagery, field data and other attribute information, improves research and also improves its accuracy. Similar research could have been undertaken in other parts of the Andaman Islands, where the air flow is free and, probably, on the windward side of the island, i.e. the western part of the Andaman Sea.
THE CONFIRMATION
The author is grateful to the Ministry of Environment and Forests for providing financial support and to the Director of CWET, Chennai for providing relevant information to validate this study.
