Islamic view of the philosophy of education
Introduction
Philosophy is the study of realities, the pursuit of wisdom and commentary on the general principles of life. He is searching for eternal truth, both conceptual and practical. It has five search domains — Epistemology, Metaphysics, Aesthetics, Ethics, and History. The tool used by philosophy to discover realities or to discover truth is logic, both inductive and deductive. The philosophy of education is a branch of general philosophy, it takes power from epistemology. It forms goals and objectives or the content of education, which, in turn, affect the entire learning environment, society and future generations.
The philosophy of education is based on the general principles of psychology, sociology, politics, economics, history, science and religion. Education is a dualistic phenomenon; It is both static and dynamic. The main part is dynamic or temporal and is adjusted with the change and growth of knowledge, social structure and civilization, while an insignificant, but vital part is static or eternal. We suggested that the content of education be eternal, and the application and explanation of this content, for the most part, be dynamic. We assumed a multidisciplinary approach to the content of education. The analysis takes into account the needs of people, society and time and covers the cultural, social and voluntary goals of education.
Education can be formal as well as informal. Formal education is provided in schools or colleges or universities, on the other hand, formal education is obtained and absorbed by society and the environment. Education, formal and informal, is developed and absorbed in the individual through reflection and experience. This means that we are all students throughout our lives. However, we are going to analyze the philosophy (goals and objectives) of formal education. Moreover, education has three levels: primary, secondary and higher. Primary education concerns children between the ages of 3 and 11, secondary education covers teenagers between the ages of 12 and 18, and higher education forms young students over the age of 18. For each level of education requires a clear approach.
Education content varies from community to community. A secular society would have a different approach to content, comparable to some ideological society. Moreover, the explanation or implementation of the content will be different in different societies. Our analysis is ideological and is mainly based on the Islamic view of education.
terminology
The term "education" was derived from the Latin words Educare, Educatum or Educere. Educatum and educare mean coaching and eating, while a caregiver means deducing yourself. The first implies that education is something external; to impose or introduce from the outside, this means that the external environment plays a crucial role in the learning process. The latter assess growth from within; This means that the internal capabilities of a person are worthy in the learning process, the external environment plays a secondary role in the educational process. Naturalists / psychologists are more important for the internal dispositions of the learning process, while social philosophers focus on the external requirements of the educational process. We adopted a mixed and balanced approach to the role and importance of the internal external environment of the learning process.
Definition
According to him, Aristotle defined education as a process necessary to create a healthy mind in a healthy body, the purpose and goal of education is to create virtuous and virtuous citizens. Ibn Khaldun, in the fourteenth century, expresses the view that education consists of intellectual, social and moral preparation, with the help of which hidden opportunities are developed, character traits are built, and the culture of people is passed on to future generations. Dewey, in the twentieth century, defined education in these words: "Education is a process of life through continuous reconstruction of experience." It is the development of all these possibilities in a person that will allow him to control his environment and fulfill his capabilities. “We can define education, because education is the average value in which adult people pass on and instill in children their knowledge, way of thinking and behavior, and develop their genetic potential to manage existing and future problems.
Goals and Objectives - Islamic View
Islam is a divine religion. It is based on the open book, the Koran and the prophetic commentary, the Hadith. The primary responsibility and ultimate goal of the prophecies and opened books is to educate humanity for a better, happy, and purposeful life. They define the purpose of life, outline the procedure for its actualization, and provide a practical example of a purposeful life. Thus, the goals and objectives of education or the content of education can be understood from the last open book, Al-Qour. We present the verse of Al-Quran
" Allah undoubtedly did a great service to Muslims when He raised the Apostle from among themselves, who reads the Revelations of Allah to them and makes them grow and teaches them Scripture and Wisdom while they were in obvious error earlier. " (Al Quran)
The verse defines the goals and objectives of education. These:
- Plantation of faith
- Promotion of knowledge
- Improving Wisdom
- Development
A. VERA
The word “faith” has different meanings and uses, but the central meaning is similar to “conviction”, “faith”, “trust” or “confidence”, but unlike these terms “faith” tends to imply a subordinate and transpersonal connection with God or with someone with higher powers. Faith is based on certain beliefs; faith is part and parcel of faith. inevitability for plants. A belief system has certain perceptual ingredients with practical implications. Living faith must meet two conditions, a necessary condition is a rationale, and a sufficient condition is practical profit for believers / humanity. Living faith gives stability to the believer, creates dynamism in one person, bears fruit in life, promotes cohesion among believers and gives a concrete form to a group with special practices.
We will mention several verses of the Holy Bark to explain and explain the basic elements of the Islamic faith.
" Glorious book! There is no doubt about it; This guide is for the God-fearing who fear Allah. Those who believe in the Unseen and set up a prayer and carry out on our way from what we have given them. who believe in what was sent to you (O my Apostle) and what was sent before you, and they also have faith in Augustus Day of Judgment. whether they are successful in both worlds. " (Al Quran)
The first thing that the Quran does is eliminate the element of doubt, which is a necessary condition for modern philosophy, introducing faith as a fundamental factor behind reality. Doubt is a negative factor that interferes with an accurate understanding of reality; curiosity is much better alternated with doubt in the development of knowledge or in order to reveal reality. Faith at the same time implies certain mandatory beliefs - the unity of God, the invisible system (angels, heaven, hell, etc.), Opened books, the teachings of the prophets, the Day of Judgment, fate and life after death. In addition, he imposes certain obligations on the believers - Kalim (confession of faith), prayer, fasting, giving alms and pilgrimage. It is noteworthy that the idea of the unity of God must create faith in the unity of mankind.
The Islamic approach to faith is that it is revealed, explained, and imprisoned through reverent personalities, that is, the prophets; faith based on personal reasoning is unacceptable in Islam, the finality of prophecy. a word about the elements of faith is also necessary. In addition, a loving and trusting act with regard to statements is fundamental to full faith, without which faith is incomplete or undesirable. The very foundation of faith is the love and submission of the reverent person or prophet. It is just that faith can be defined as accepting something true that was said by someone who is believed to be trustworthy / commendable.
The object of the development of faith is the creation of a stable and balanced psycho-spiritual formation of the human person. The prophecies are sent as practical roles, and the opened books are accompanied as a permanent working guide for the leadership. The ultimate goal of developing the elements of faith is to equip a person with the necessary working tools for managing and solving conceptual or practical questions of life, large or small, simple or complex, independent or related, several or many, with heat and firmness. Thus, definition is the necessity of going out of faith, without determination, than without faith.
Islam resolutely advanced two aspects of faith - human and transcendent. The human aspects preach the concept of the unity of humanity, while the transcendental aspects suggest the idea of the Unity of God. Faith is incomplete if one aspect is ignored or not determined decisively. In addition, ignorance of one aspect makes the human personality one-sided and unstable. The consequences of wrong faith in the unity of mankind and the unity of God are manifold and penetrate every aspect of human society. This can lead peoples to some kind of constant struggle and belligerent attitude towards each other. Moreover, the consequences of wrong faith go beyond the current generations. prospects and disrupt the peace and tranquility of future generations.
B. KNOWLEDGE
This is an understanding of factual / declarative, procedural, and conceptual aspects of what a person acquires through education, observation, and experience. The acquisition of knowledge is a basic requirement of human nature. It plays a vital role in the growth and development of a person or a nation.
1. Basics of human knowledge: - Here are some verses from the Quran on this issue:
And remember when your Lord said to the angels, "I am going to appoint a vice regent on earth." They said: "Will you be on earth, how will you do harm and cause bloodshed, while we celebrate your praise and glorify you". Allah said: "Of course, I know what you do not know." Allah taught Adam the names of all. Then He set them before the angels said, “Tell me these names if you are truly truthful (in your opinion).” They said: "Glory to Thee! We don't know what you taught us, they are Omniscient, Wise. ”
Allah said: “Adam! Tell them the names of these things. “Then Adam told the angels the names of these things, Allah said:“ Didn’t I tell you that I know well all the hidden secrets of heaven and earth, and I know everything that you spread, and whatever you hide?
Versa manifest that human nature was created by its nature and is capable of susceptibility and absorption of Divine Knowledge. Moreover, the knowledge of Adam has the ability to conceptualize things in nature. Third, a person has the ability to develop a language, because Adam assigned names to subjects without prior formal training. These verses also show that the first man of the Earth was completely immersed in scientific knowledge, in complete monopoly, in order to develop it for a natural contract. According to the Qur'an, the program of human activities must go hand in hand with divine cooperation and blessing before the plan is implemented unilaterally, in which God does not have a vice regent. Versa also indicates that a person has free will to choose the right or the wrong way of life. On his free choice there is no external coercion. Versa also indicates that humanity has a strong tendency towards injustice and discord, but it can be controlled with the help of human knowledge and restrain the Will of God.
2. Types of knowledge: - Knowledge can be divided into the following groups:
- Natural Sciences On Natural sciences relate to inanimate objects of the universe. The main branches are physics, chemistry and astronomy.
- Biological Sciences On Biological sciences relate to animate objects of the universe. The main branches are zoology, botany and psychology.
- Social sciencies On Social sciences are devoted to collective life and the relationship between man and society. The main branches are sociology, political science and economics.
- Professional science On Professional sciences are dedicated to the professions of people necessary for human survival / quality of life. The main industries are medicine, engineering and trade.
Islam adopts a scientific classification of knowledge, but it proposed a broader taxonomy of knowledge for humanity:
First, Absolute versions of Dubious Knowledge. Absolute knowledge is based on certain scientific facts or is given through a certain reverent person (i.e. Prophecies) in the form of an open book (for example, the Koran). Doubtful knowledge is based on subjective analysis (for example, the theory of psychoanalysis proposed by Freud). Secondly, fruitful versions Barren knowledge. Fruitful knowledge benefits mankind (for example, natural sciences, biological sciences, social sciences and professional sciences). Although barren knowledge is useless for humanity (for example, the occult sciences).
3. Aspects of Knowledge: - The world of knowledge can be divided into three categories or has three aspects: declarative, procedural and conceptual.
- Declarative knowledge On This knowledge is about something, such as the structure of the body, the structure of the computer, the format of the earth, and parts of speech. It is dedicated to the type of WHAT questions.
- Procedural knowledge On This is knowledge of procedures and sequences. It describes and explains the procedures and sequences of any compiled information or data, that is, it considers questions like HOW & WHEN. For example, AS a computer is manufactured or used, WHEN the computer is ready for use or sale.
- Conceptual knowledge On This knowledge of the concepts behind the declarative and procedural knowledge. This is an abstract aspect of knowledge. Conceptual knowledge also discusses the relationship between concepts. This concerns questions such as WHY. For example, mathematical concepts and their interrelationships, which provide the basis for the operation of computer hardware or software.
C. WISDOM
Knowledge allows us to understand the realities of things (i.e. the Divine scheme of creation, the Natural system of growth, natural forces and history) and the wisdom that allow us to use the realities for the benefit of ourselves and others. According to Islam, wisdom is an attribute of a higher level, it comes after knowledge. Wisdom is given when the will of man is replaced by the Will of God, and human understanding is fully exploited, so wisdom is based on knowledge and intelligence. We give the opposite so that it is clear:
"He gives wisdom to whom he wills, and anyone who is granted wisdom, he really receives abundant goodness, and no one accepts instruction except people of understanding."
(Al Quran)
Islam has proposed two diagonally opposing aspects of wisdom - the Divine Wisdom and the wisdom of the devil. Divine Wisdom is based on right faith and fruitful knowledge and gives good results for itself and humanity, materially and spiritually, while the wisdom of the devil is based on wrong faith and fruitless knowledge and leads humanity only to worldly or material goods, completely ignoring the benefits of others and spiritual benefits. Of course, the wisdom of the devil focuses on self-sacrifice at the cost of others, but the devil / worldly wisdom is short-lived and weak, extremely incapable of materializing its one-sided constructions.
Character-sketch of a wise man
Wisdom is personified, created and identified through struggle. A person who is fully involved in the duties of life must claim to be wise. Solitude or loneliness is a very denial of wisdom, while participation is the basis of wisdom. A wise person pursues his goals / answers the problems of life with certain characteristics. These characteristics are important working tools of a wise person, which give him / her bridges unreasonable. The attributes of a wise person's promoter are: effective communication, enthusiasm, discipline or rig, decision-making power, sense of responsibility, moderate behavior, self-confidence or high moral or courage, and an appropriate outward vision.
D. BEST MANNERS
Manners are countless, structural and diverse, practically. However, the essence of good manners is constant for one and all, it is humility. Humility is a unique positive attribute of the human person; it is an attribute, as well as the essence of each positive attribute. Отсутствие смирения делает существование всех манер безвкусным ритуалом, способным произвести плодотворные результаты для себя и других. Гордый человек плохо воспитан и создает проблемы для себя и других.
Манеры имеют два аспекта - внутренний и внешний. Внутренне манеры формируются динамичной организацией всех восприятий, намерений и эмоций индивида и поведения, которое возникает в результате организации этих аспектов, в то время как внешне; они формируются путем социального принятия поведения. Просто, соответствие некоторым рационально определенным и морально установленным интерактивным стандартам считается лучшим способом. Манеры разрабатываются под руководством интеллекта, знаний, мудрости, социальных норм и религии. Это феномены, отмеченные временем. Резонно / неоспоримо эволюционировали набор манера создает порядок, последовательность и непрерывность в одном & # 39; s жизни и дает прекрасный вид на индивид или общество. Манеры являются предшественниками культуры и дают долголетие цивилизациям. Общество невоспитанных людей не сможет выжить, по крайней мере, с уважением и признанием.
Основы лучших манер
Человек - это комбинация трех основных реальностей, т. Е. Тела, ума и души. Тело обладает определенными физическими потребностями для выживания или продолжения жизни, таких как еда, вода и сон, у ума есть некоторые инстинктивные желания для интерактивной жизни, такие как родительский инстинкт, грегийский инстинкт, инстинкт обучения и сексуальный инстинкт, а душа имеет некоторые укоренившиеся побуждения к моральное превосходство. Потребности тела удовлетворяются физическими силами, психологическими инстинктами удовлетворяются умственные способности, такие как сила воли, власть принятия решений и эмоциональная сила, побуждения души успокаиваются духовными силами, такими как проницательность и интуиция. Постоянное проявление бесчисленных человеческих усилий для удовлетворения потребностей организма, психологических инстинктов и душевных побуждений формирует человеческую личность. Кроме того, физический баланс или здоровье зависят от диеты, свободного времени, правильного сна и конструктивных физических упражнений. Разумная нормальность или душевное спокойствие зависят от позитивного подхода к намерениям, восприятиям и эмоциям. Душа удовлетворена рационально-интуитивно определенной системой убеждений. Сбалансированный подход к физическому здоровью, умственному удовлетворению и духовному удовлетворению дает форму манеры личности. Кроме того, формируется и улучшается манерная жизнь посредством нескольких групповых взаимодействий, таких как социальные отношения, экономические отношения, политические контакты и привычные связи.
Concluding remarks
Вышеупомянутое исключение в отношении содержания образования - веры, знания, мудрости или личностных качеств или манер - свидетельствует о том, что образовательные учреждения должны иметь комплексный подход к обучению. Они сажают ВЕРА, дают ЗНАНИЕ, оборудуют WISDOM и развивают ЛИЧНОСТЬ / МАННЕРЫ, чтобы противостоять существующим и возникающим вызовам жизни. Каждый аспект имеет свою значимость и незаменимость, нельзя оставлять за счет других, и все это необходимо. Примечательно, что только образовательная система на основе контента может приносить плоды обществу, грядущим поколениям и заинтересованным лицам. На основе всего анализа мы предлагаем две типовые миссии Миссии учебных заведений.
- Мы стремимся развивать среди наших студентов индивидуальность с человечеством, независимость от взаимозависимости и науку с технологией.
- Мы стремимся развиваться среди наших учеников. Личность с патриотизмом, вера с манерами и знание с мудростью.
